EASA MODULE 7A Sub Module 7.17 AIRCRAFT HANDLING AND STORAGE AIRCRAFT JACKING: Aircraft may need to be jacked for a variety of purposes. These may include component changes, retraction tests, weighing of the aircraft and aircraft rigging checks. Care needs to be taken when jacking, to avoid damage to aircraft or equipment. Jacking points are provided in the wings and fuselage, at strong points, to enable the whole aircraft to be lifted, and there are, usually, other points, at the nose and main undercarriages, to enable individual wheels to be changed. Some aircraft require a jacking pad to be fitted to each jacking point, while in some, the jacking pads are built into the structure. Special jacking adapters and beams may be available to lift individual axles. In all instances, the Maintenance Manual should be consulted, so that the correct equipment and procedures may be used. Because of the position of the jacking points, the C.G. of some aircr...
EASA MODULE 7A Sub Module 7.17 AIRCRAFT HANDLING AND STORAGE DE-ICING/ANTI-ICING OF AIRCRAFT Ice Types There are three main types of ice/frost that can affect an aircraft’s performance, Hoar Frost, Rime Ice and Glaze Ice. The temperature and weather conditions will determine the type of ice that forms, but all three types can have a detrimental effect. The Dew Point is the temperature at which moist air becomes saturated and deposits dew if in contact with a colder surface or the ground. Above ground, condensation into water droplets takes place. Hoar Frost is a deposit of ice crystals that form on an objectwhen the dew point is below freezing point. High humidity will normally produce hoar frost, as these are similar to conditions that produce dew. Hoar frost can form when the air temperature is greater than 0°C, but the aircraft skin temperature is less than 0°C. This type of frost produces a very rough surface which leads to turbulent airflow. Rime Ice is a light c...
EASA PART 66 / SARI MODULE 7 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NDT): Nearly all inspection operations on aircraft structures are carried out visually at intervals specified in the Approved Maintenance Schedule. Sometimes visual examination is not practicable, or there may be some uncertainty about the serviceability of a part and one of the methods of nondestructive examination may be used to determine its condition. Non-destructive tests seek to detect defects such as cracks or corrosion either at the surface of below it and a number of methods are presently in use. In each case the part being tested is not harmed in any way. The selection of the method to be used will depend on the design of the structure, its accessibility and the nature of the suspected defect. 1. VISUAL INSPECTION Visual inspection is the oldest of the non-destructive methods of testing. It is a quick and economical method of detecting various types of cracks before they progress sufficiently to cause failure. Its rel...
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