Sub Module 7.17 Aircraft Handling and Storage

EASA MODULE 7A
Sub Module 7.17
AIRCRAFT HANDLING AND STORAGE
 
 
AIRCRAFT TAXIING AND TOWING: 
 

 

Aircraft need to be moved on the ground, between flights, for a variety of reasons, which can include:
 Moving aircraft into, or within hangars for maintenance
 Re-positioning aircraft for ground running or storm protection
 Emergency removal of aircraft from a taxi-way.
 
It is important that the aircraft be moved safely, using the correct equipment, to avoid injury to personnel or damage to aircraft. Small aircraft, generally require little preparation but, with larger aircraft, some or all of the following points may be relevant:
Preparation for the reception of the aircraft should be made in advance of its arrival. There should be adequate space available for the aircraft, with consideration given, as appropriate, to clearances for jacking, access for cranes etc. All equipment required for servicing should be available and serviceable.

The aircraft should be in a satisfactory condition to move. The brakes should be serviceable and electrical power should be available, if required, for lights and indications in dark or poor
light. The route of the proposed move should be free from obstructions, such as servicing platforms, passenger steps, vehicles and any other servicing equipment. Consideration should also be given to sources of F.O.D. along the route.

The members of the moving team should be fully conversant with their assigned tasks. The person controlling the move should adequately brief them all, as to their individual responsibilities. This applies equally to the re-positioning a light aircraft in a hangar or to the moving of a giant airliner around a large, international airport.

The equipment and method of move should be as stated in the relevant aircraft maintenance manual. All towing limitations should be observed. These should be stated in the maintenance manual under "Ground Handling". Examples of limitations include minimum turning radii and disconnection of nose-wheel steering system on certain aircraft. 
 
Clearance from the local Air Traffic Control may be required for the move. 
 
MOVING METHODS
Normal moving methods of moving aircraft on the ground are by
means of:
 Hand: by pushing and using a steering arm
 Tractor: using a bridle and steering arm or with a purposemade towing arm
 Taxiing: moving the aircraft, using its own power.

When an aircraft has to be moved from one place to another, either by man-handling, by the use of a tractor (also called a towing ‘tug’) or by taxiing, there are a number of safety precautions which have to be applied every time.
 
AIRCRAFT TOWING
This is the normal method used on large aircraft. The aircraft is normally towed with a suitable tractor (or tug) and using the correct, purpose-made towing arm for the specific aircraft. A person familiar with, and authorised to operate, the aircraft brake system should be seated in the cockpit (or on the flight deck) to apply the brakes in an emergency. The brakes should not normally be applied unless the aircraft is stationary. 

AIRCRAFT TAXIING
When aircraft are to be moved under their own power, whether for ground movements or prior to flight, a fully certified flight crew must be on the flight deck and in command of the aircraft. It is usual for the aircraft to have received a daily inspection before the taxi operation, which ensures items such the oil and fuel levels and brake pressures are sufficient for the task.


EASA Module 7 Essay Question:
What precautions must be followed for Aircraft Taxiing and Towing?
 
(Note: Write 3-4 paragraphs in comment section below)


Comments

  1. Aircraft need to be moved on the ground parking.
    Taxi is moving through aircraft engine power Using while towing some external vehicle (tractor or tug master) full aircraft to respective areas hanger or parking
    Moving aircraft into or within hangars for maintenance
    aircraft for ground running or storm protection

    The aircraft should be in a satisfactory condition to move. The brakes should be serviceable and electrical power should be available if required for lights and indications in dark or poor
    light. The route of the proposed move should be free from obstructions such as servicing platforms passenger steps vehicles and any other servicing equipment. Consideration should also be given to sources of FOD along the route.

    The members of the moving team should be fully conversant with their assigned tasks. The person controlling the move should adequately brief them all as to their individual responsibilities.This applies equally to the repositioning a light aircraft in a hangar or to the moving of a giant airliner around a large international airport.
    As we did this according to AMM procedure the work done is useful.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Taxiing and Towing of aircraft is an essential requirement of an aircraft to carry it troughg ground from one place to another, certain precautions should be taken when towing or taxiing an aircraft on the ground.

    Towing speed should have a limit set upon which the aircraft should be moved from one spot to another. The radii of turns should be kept to a minimum because of the loads that the aircraft take during a turn. A supervisor should be supervising his personell all the times. Briefed personell should be positioned at wing tips and tail ends to help during manouvering in confined spaces. Supervisor should be positioned such that he can see all his personell and that he can give correct orders. During manouvering sweptback wings a condition arises when manouvering left or right called as "wing tip growth" in which the wing has a tendency to grow so the supervisor should be hand marshalling the crew. Before towing we should check our brake system and should charge the brake accumulator. Some large aircrafts have a special purpose tag which has a shearpin, the shear pin tends to take all disturbing loads in case of emergency and saves the aircraft structure in response. If we have one sound tyre we should tow the aircraft out of the runway into the hanger with speed kept at a minimum rate and sharp turns to be avoided, If no tyres are available then we should take the aircraft to the closest place possible to chage its tyres before towing it anymore.

    Precautions are for the betterment of ourselves and our sorrundings we must follow them rather than damaging our equipment.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. good attempt.
      please review the sentence "If no tyres are available" it should be "if tyres are not serviceable"

      75/100

      Delete
  3. Taxing and towing is very important for an aircraft to get move on the ground.we should have in my the precautions we should take for taxing and towing.
    After towing the speed of the aircraft and the person walking with the aircraft would be same.We should avoid sharp turns because if we take sharp turns then there would be stresses and it will then be dangerous for the aircraft.If we are taking a turn then the aircraft should be moved in a limited radii and then we should move the aircraft in the straight position and then we can give a turn etc.When we monouver the aircraft then there should be some persons on the wings and tails.
    There will be the supervisor who would be not the tractor driver,willl be viewing all the activities.when we are towing a larger aircraft there would be a special tower.And in its steering Arm there would be a sheering pin that will be put inside it.Sheering pin will break down if we will give a sharp turn.
    If there is one wheel is in working and other wheels are burst then we will tow the aircraft but we will not give sharp turns and the speed will be minimum.If all the wheels are bursts or not working tgen we will wait and chahnge the wheels and then we will tow the aircraft.
    If we have the aircraft with the swept wings than we have to give a great care because when we are taxing or towing the swept back wings aircraft in the hanger the cockpit person will think he is going good and wing will not hit but actually in turns the wing grow from back and it hits anything in the hanger.
    All the precautions are also given in the AMM so we should also consult that.

    Hammad Malik

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. very good try. please try to improve vocabulary and sentences. 75/100

      Delete
  4. Precautions should be taken when towing or taxing the aircraft. Steering limit is imposed so that there is no excessive loads on aircraft structure. After taking a turn plane should move in a straight line so excessive stress is not imposed.

    Stress limit is written on lower part of nose and personnel is moving alongside it to guide the tractor personnel. Personnel are stationed at each side of wing tip and at tail end. A supervisor is positioned to keep an eye on all maintenance personnel.

    Care should be taken when handling the aircraft so as to not damage any part of it

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. plz add more content(key words missing) and the answer is not organized.
      66/100

      Delete
  5. Aircraft Should be Towed or taxied for Various Purposes.
    Precautions Of Towing/Taxing
    The speed of Towing should be kept at Minimum.The Turning Radii Of The Steering wheel should be in Specified Limits In Order to protect the Tyres from scrabbling and Stress loads on Landing Gears and Undercarriage.The Aircraft should be Towed in a Straight Run After a Turn To relief the stresses made in Turning. A particularly briefed Person should be kept at Wing Tips and Tail in Confined Spaces to avoid any Damage.
    One Person Should be supervising all the procedure to make sure that the Process is Going Fine.
    Special attention should be Given to the Swept back Wing.
    For Larger Aircrafts A Special procedure of towing/taxing and Tractor (Tug) is used.
    In Case if there is One or more burst Tyre on an Axel then sharp turns should be avoided and The speed of the towing should be kept at minimum
    If There is no sound Tyre on an Axel then The Aircraft should be Towed for Minimum distance and Tyres Should be removed and The New Tyre may fitted.
    If a Tyre is Damaged not only the Damaged tyre but the Condition of Relevent Tyre should also be Checked.
    All the Precautions should be done as Mentioned in The Relevant Aircraft maintenance Manual To Avoid any Worst Condition
    Aimal Khan

    ReplyDelete
  6. Intro: Taxing and towing are the two procedures for the movements of air craft for several purposes one from external power and one from engine power

    Precautions: while rotating an air craft radius must be kept on the limitations we have to give a very slight turn to prevent tyres from any streets .while towing and taxing the person is supervising that the tug and all person are on their position s correctly .In towing we have to put a shear pin in contact with air craft so that all load comes on shear pin .Minimising and twisting the load from undercarriage . Before towing breaks should be check properly and breaks charger are charged. We have to move aircraft with very slow speed with the movement of the person moving along with it . We must need serviceable tyres in case of any tyrer blast we have to change them.we need to follow each and every step according to the instructions given in maintenance manual.

    In case of slightly mistake while towing or taxing is in result of very serious damage for the body of the aircraft .

    ReplyDelete
  7. Muhammad Hamza Ahmed

    Towing speed of an Aircraft should be kept to safe level at all times , A steering limit should be imposed so that the radii of turns are kept within specified limits so minimising tyre scrubbing and reducing the twisting loads on the undercarriage, the streeing limits is shown by marks painted on the fixed part of the nose , An authorized person should be at the wing tips and tail to monitor the towing so that there should be no damage , One authorized should be supervising the aircraft movement the main steps that should be taken are
    (a) Aircraft must not exceed walking pace while.
    being towed (in closed area).
    (b) Oleo-leg and tyres must be correctly inflated.
    prior to moving the aircraft, and sufficient brake.
    pressure available for an emergency stop.
    (c) Undercarriage ground locks must be fitted.
    prior to towing.

    after the towing is done the maintenance department should inspect the tyre and axle and there should be no sign of damage.

    ReplyDelete
  8. We have to move the aircraft on the ground for many reasons, including taking the plane into hanger for maintenance or clearing the runway in an emergency satuation.
    Some precautions should be made in order to prevent the aircraft for any unpleasent event.

    Towing speed must be slow and should be kept at a safe level. A sterring limit is often imposed so that the turns are kept in the specified limits.
    Aircraft should be towed forward in a stright line after executing a turn.
    A well trained person should be positioned at the wing tips and tail when maoeuvring in or around confined spaces.
    Immense care should be given when towing the swept wing aircraft to wing tip growth. The tendency of the swept wing to grow in a turn.
    The brake system should be checked before commencing the towing operation, brake accumulator charged as neccssary.
    Special purpose tug and suitable towing should be used to tow large and multi-engine aircraft.
    It maybe neccesary to move the aircraft from the runway in an emergency satuation if it has one or more deflated tyres.

    Aircraft should only be moved the shortest distance in order to clear an active runway if the tyres on the axle are no lnfucntionable.

    ReplyDelete
  9. Aircraft can be move on the ground for many reason by taxing in which own power of aircraft is use or by towing in which external source is use like tractor.
    While towing or taxing the necessary precautions are steering gear should be in limit so that radii kept in limet.Aircraft must be tow in forward in a straight line after execuation a turn.A briefed person should be positioned on the wing and tail to guide the pilot.care must be taken while the turn in the swept wing aircraft to avoid from damage.
    Before towing process check the brake
    In case of emergency it is necessary to move aircraft from the runwayif it has one or more deflated tyre .if there is no more sound tyre then it is necessary to clear the runway.
    The athourized person should do towing and taxing to prevent from the damages.

    ReplyDelete
  10. Aircraft need to me moved on the ground or between flights for variety of reason for which we have to follow the safety precautions so that we make the environment safe for the aircraft and for the working area.
    Following precautions must be followed when we are taxing and towing the aircraft.
    When we are towing the aircraft it must be within the speed limits.Before towing a certified personal must be in the cockpit And check that if breaks are properly working or not so that in case of any emergency we can use breaks. During towing the radii of turn must be within the specified angle when we’re towing the aircraft try to move forward in a straight line and that don’t make big turns.
    A certified personal must be on the ground at the wing tips in the confined spaces to keep the aircraft and work area safety possible and keep it away from accidents.
    One certified person must be observing all the process so that no mistakes can be make by the personal.
    In emergency situation when we have to move the aircraft from the runway and one or more tyre is deflated.The sound tyre is used and sharp turns must be avoided and towing speed kept to minimum.
    If no sound tyre are available aircraft must be moved to the shortest distance with minimum speed to only clear the runway.
    Multi engine aircraft usually be towed with special purpose tug and suitable towing arm.
    When we follow these precautions we can make our work environment and aircraft safe from any accidents.
    Muhammad Usama

    ReplyDelete
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    ReplyDelete

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