Aircraft AC Power Generation
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Types of Airspeed
TYPES OF AIRSPEED International Standard Atmosphere: Also known as the ICAO Standard Atmosphere, ISA is a standard against which to compare the actual atmosphere at any point and time. The ISA is based the following values of pressure, density, and temperature at mean sea level each of which decreases with increase in height: - Pressure of 1013.2 millibar - Pressure is taken to fall at about 1 millibar per 30 feet in the lower atmosphere (up to about 5,000 feet). - Temperature of +15 °C - Temperature falls at a rate of 2 °C per 1,000 feet until the tropopause is reached at 36,000 feet above which the temperature is assumed to be constant at -57 °C. (The precise numbers are 1.98 °C, -56.5 °C and 36,090 feet) - Density of 1.225 kg/m3 1- INDICATED AIRSPEED (IAS): The airspeed shown on the flight-deck instrument. An aneroid instrument, the airspeed indicator measures the dynamic pressure of the outside air entering a pitot tube. At sea level, and an atmospheric pressure of 1013.2 mb, and w...
Aircraft Yaw Control
Aircraft Yaw Control OPERATION AND EFFECT OF YAW CONTROL RUDDERS The rudder is a vertical control surface that is usually hinged to the tail post aft of the vertical stabilizer and designed to apply yawing moments to the airplane, that is, to make it turn to the right or the left about the vertical axis. The movement of the rudder is controlled by pedals operated by the feet of the pilot. The pedals are interconnected so that when one is pressed the other one move in the opposite direction. When the right pedal is pressed, the rudder swings to the right, thus bringing an increase of dynamic air pressure on its right side. This increased pressure causes the tail of the airplane to swing to the left and the nose to turn to the right. Although it appears that the rudder causes the airplane to turn, it must be pointed out that the rudder itself cannot cause the airplane to make a good turn. Newton's first law of motion states that a moving body tends to continue moving in a straight li...
Aircraft Pitch Control
OPERATION AND EFFECT OF PITCH CONTROL ELEVATORS The elevators are the control surfaces, which govern the movement of the aircraft around the lateral axis (pitch). They are normally attached to hinges on the rear spar of the horizontal stabilizer. When the control column or stick in the airplane is pulled back, the elevators are raised. The force of the relative wind on the elevator surfaces tends to press the tail down, thus causing the nose to pitch up and the angle of attack of the wings to increase. The reverse action takes place when the control column or stick is pushed forward. During flight of an airplane the operation of the elevators is quite critical, especially at low speeds. When power is off and the airplane is gliding, the position of the elevators will determine whether the airplane dives, glides at the correct angle, or stalls. Remember that an airplane will not necessarily climb when the control is pulled back. It is the power developed by the engine that de...
Aircraft Roll Control
AILERONS AND SPOILERS The ailerons are the primary flight control surfaces used to provide lateral (roll) control of the aircraft; that is; they control aircraft movement about the longitudinal axis. They are usually mounted on the trailing edge of the wing near the tip. They are rigged so that when one is moving upward on one wing, the other is moving downward on the opposite wing. This movement changes the camber of the respective wings, with the down-ward-moving aileron increasing the camber and lift, and the upward-moving aileron decreasing the camber and lift. Since the ailerons are located outboard of the roll axis, this change in camber will result in a rolling motion. Large turbine aircraft often employ two sets of ailerons, one set being approximately mid-wing or immediately outboard of the inboard flaps, and the other set being in the conventional location near the wingtips. The outboard ailerons become active whenever the flaps are extended beyond a fixed setting (at lo...